Morphology
Before nineteenth century, morphology did not emerge as a distinct sub-branch of linguistics. But now, morphology is a distinct sub-branch of linguistic.
In 1786, Sir William Jones claimed that Sanskrit, Latin, Persian and Germanic languages were descended from a common ancestor. In 1816, Franz Bopp supporting Sir Jones’ finding. His evidence was based on comparison of the grammatical endings of words in these languages.
In 1899, under the influence of Darwinian Theory of evolution, Mark Muller delivered his lectures in Oxford that the study of the evolution of words illuminated the evolution of language just as in biology morphology. His specific claim was that the study of the 400-500 basic roots of the Indo-European ancestors of many of the languages of Europe and Asia was the key to understanding the origin of human language.
In 1993, Katamba argues that such evolutionary pretensions were abandoned very early in the history of morphology. He said that in this country, morphology is regarded as an essential synchronic discipline, which is a discipline focusing on the study of word-structure at one stage in the life of a language rather than on the evolution of words.
Linguistic analyses also proposed a separation of Levels in linguistic:
Semantic level (dealing with meaning)
Syntactic level (dealing with sentence-structure)
Morphological level (dealing with word-structure)
Phonology / Phonemics (dealing with sound system)
The analyst producing a description of a language was seen as one of working out, in separate stages. The levels were assumed to be ordered in a hierarchy. The first pronunciation, second the word-structure, third the sentence structure and finally the meaning of utterances. But, in 2002, Hanafi added pragmatics to the separation of linguistic levels, because language use cannot be described without reference to syntax and semantics.
Pragmatic level (dealing with language in use)
Semantic level (dealing with meaning)
Syntactic level (dealing with sentence-structure)
Morphological level (dealing with word-structure)
Phonology / Phonemics (dealing with sound system)
Morphology, in linguistics, study of the internal construction of words. Languages vary widely in the degree to which words can be analyzed into word elements, or morphemes. In English there are numerous examples, such as “replacement,” which is composed of re-, “place,” and -ment, and “walked,” from the elements “walk” and -ed. Many American Indian languages have a highly complex morphology; other languages, such as Vietnamese or Chinese, have very little or none. Morphology includes the grammatical processes of inflection and derivation. Inflection marks categories such as person, tense, and case; e.g., “sings” contains a final -s, marker of the 3rd person singular, and the German Mannes consists of the stem Mann and the genitive singular inflection -es. Derivation is the formation of new words from existing words; e.g., “singer” from “sing” and “acceptable” from “accept.” Derived words can also be inflected: “singers” from “singer.”
In linguistics, morphology (/mɔːˈfɒlədʒi/[1]) is the study of words, how they are formed, and their relationship to other words in the same language.[2][3] It analyzes the structure of words and parts of words, such as stems, root words, prefixes, and suffixes. Morphology also looks at parts of speech, intonation and stress, and the ways context can change a word's pronunciation and meaning. Morphology differs from morphological typology, which is the classification of languages based on their use of words[4] and lexicology, which is the study of words and how they make up a language's vocabulary.
Morphology studies the structure of words. It specifically examines how words are formed by putting together morphemes. A morpheme is the smallest grammatical and meaningful unit of a language. Different languages have different morphemes and different rules about the formation of words.
Types of Morphemes
Morphemes can be divided into two basic categories called free morphemes and bound morphemes. A free morpheme is a meaningful unit that can stand alone as a word. In other words, it is a word made up of only one morpheme. For example;
mat, trust, slow, cat, old, fast, bring, man
A bound morpheme is a morpheme that cannot stand alone; it is always bound to another morpheme. Thus, a bound morpheme has no meaning on its own. For example;
slowly, talked, unthankful, blackish
Bound morphemes attached to the front of a word are called prefixes (distaste, untrue, etc.) and bound morphemes attached to the back of a word are called suffixes (valuable, sexual, etc.).
Bound Morphemes can be divided further into two categories called derivational and inflectional morphemes. Derivational morphemes are morphemes that are added to the base form of a word to create a new word.
Example 1:
Able ⇒ Ability
(adjective) → (noun)
Send ⇒ Sender
(verb)→ (noun)
Example 2:
Use⇒ Misuse
Stable ⇒ Unstable
(Meaning is totally changed.)
As seen from these examples, adding a derivational morpheme will change either the meaning or the class of the word.
Inflectional morphemes are a type of bound morphemes that do not cause a change in the meaning or word class: they serve as grammatical markers and indicate some grammatical information about a word.
Laughed –Past Tense
cats – Plural
Swimming – Progressive
What is Syntax?
Syntax is a discipline of linguistics that studies the structure of sentence. Syntax is the study of rules, principles, and processes that govern the structure of sentences in any language. It pays attention to components such as word order, agreement, and the hierarchical structure of language. The meaning of any sentence in any language depends on the syntax.
For example, the sentences in the English language often formed by following a subject with a verb and the direct object. It is the positions of these words that convey the subject-object relationship. Look at the following sentences.
The cat ate the mouse.
The mouse ate the cat.
These two sentences convey two different meanings although they contain the exact same words. It is the word order of the sentences that affect the meaning of these two sentences.
The parts of a language are divided into different syntactic categories. Most sentences can be divided into two sections called subject and predicate. These two parts are also made of different words. Syntactical classes of words are known as parts of speech.
Relationship between morphology and syntax
"It is difficult to separate the acquisition of formal marking systems [i.e., morphology] from the overall syntactic system of a language. Perhaps the easiest way to think of the relation is to realize that syntax uses both local morphological markings and non-local word order or configurational patterns to express a variety of underlying concepts and meanings."
Difference Between Morphology and Syntax
Definition
Morphology: Morphology studies the structure of words.
Syntax: Syntax studies the structure of sentences.
Smallest Unit
Morphology: Morphemes are the smallest units in morphology.
Syntax: Words are the smallest unit in syntax.
Content
Morphology: Morphology studies how words are formed.
Syntax: Syntax studies the word order and agreement
Types of grammar
According to Noam Chomosky, there are four types of grammars − Type 0, Type 1, Type 2, and Type 3. The following table shows how they differ from each other −
Type - 3 Grammar
Type-3 grammars generate regular languages. Type-3 grammars must have a single non-terminal on the left-hand side and a right-hand side consisting of a single terminal or single terminal followed by a single non-terminal.
The productions must be in the form X → a or X → aY
where X, Y ∈ N (Non terminal)
and a ∈ T (Terminal)
The rule S → ε is allowed if S does not appear on the right side of any rule.
Example
X → ε
X → a
X → aY
Type - 2 Grammar
Type-2 grammars generate context-free languages.
The productions must be in the form A → γ
where A ∈ N (Non terminal)
and γ ∈ (T∪N)* (String of terminals and non-terminals).
These languages generated by these grammars are be recognized by a non-deterministic pushdown automaton.
Example
S → X a
X → a
X → aX
X → abc
X → ε
Type - 1 Grammar
Type-1 grammars generate context-sensitive languages. The productions must be in the form
α A β → α γ β
where A ∈ N (Non-terminal)
and α, β, γ ∈ (T ∪ N)* (Strings of terminals and non-terminals)
The strings α and β may be empty, but γ must be non-empty.
The rule S → ε is allowed if S does not appear on the right side of any rule. The languages generated by these grammars are recognized by a linear bounded automaton.
Example
AB → AbBc
A → bcA
B → b
Type - 0 Grammar
Type-0 grammars generate recursively enumerable languages. The productions have no restrictions. They are any phase structure grammar including all formal grammars.
They generate the languages that are recognized by a Turing machine.
The productions can be in the form of α → β where α is a string of terminals and non-terminals with at least one non-terminal and α cannot be null. β is a string of terminals and non-terminals.
Example
S → ACaB
Bc → acB
CB → DB
aD → Db
The important of the teacher know about the morphology and syntax.
The study of morphology is not only an option but a “must” for any language student, provided that it is indispensable to fulfill adequate abilities to understand the target language, and to be able to communicate successfully.
The English knowledge is considered a requirement in many fields, for this reason English is taught as one of the most important subjects, not only in schools but also in universities where the number of hours have increased significantly. That is why; most of the institutions want to have well prepared English teachers who are able to combine not only methodology but also knowledge.
Learning English means acquiring certain skills such as having good vocabulary awareness, being competent at reading, writing a variety of papers, listening and speaking. All of these abilities are connected, and as teachers what we want to achieve in class is to integrate these skills so that students can produce the language fluently and accurately. Certainly, most of our vocabulary knowledge has been made possible due to our awareness of Morphology; Besides, the ability to read involves decoding material, constructing sentences and messages semantically and grammatical
bibliografia
http://pediaa.com/difference-between-morphology-and-syntax/
https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-relationship-between-morphology-and-syntax
http://4-learningenglish.blogspot.com/2013/05/history-of-morphology-and-morphological.html
http://www.tutorialspoint.com/automata_theory/chomsky_classification_of_grammars.htm
